|
|
|
|
|
History Matters Project Compendium 13th Edition
|
|
|
Foreword by Sir Trevor Phillips, Chair of Policy Exchange’s History Matters project
The period of royal mourning is already being trumpeted as an historic moment. Thousands gathered to mourn in person, determined to participate in what many described as the ‘making of history’. It isn’t exactly what William Faulkner meant when he wrote “The past is never dead; it isn’t even past”, but the weight of history on the scales held by today’s decision-makers has rarely been clearer. The call of pageantry and precedence — what words are spoken, who gets to wear which uniform, where the ceremonies take place — are largely guided by what we know of our forebears’ choices.
AJP Taylor once said that the past is what actually took place, but history is what we tell ourselves happened. The intervention of the people over the period of mourning has introduced a new term to this equation: these days, the demos is creating moments that will become a fresh part of the story to be told later. Britain’s people have a lively interest in their own past; we have more of it to be interested in than most, so we grasp that our history has many different elements — and that we can always write new ones into it.
History is never a simple matter of truth or falsehood; it is a way of understanding why things are as they are. As the medical historian Roy Porter wrote, the historical record, like the night sky, consists of points of light, but for the most part what we see is the darkness in between the constellations; it is down to scholars and scientists to work out what might lie in the darkness between the stars.
But we do need to identify and name those points of light. That is why the History Matters Project at Policy Exchange set out with a simple aim: to record events that will one day become our past, so that we can understand how a fresh history is constructed. In other words, we wanted to set down, in the words of decision makers exactly why they might move a statue, change a street name, delete a book from the school curriculum or re-dedicate a building to a different historic figure. Over the past two years this has helped us to understand three important things.
First that there is a mix of legitimate motives for rewriting our account of the past — sometimes because we learn something new about the past; sometimes because events that once seemed momentous no longer appear worth memorialising; and most frequently because new generations desire a fuller explanation of a past that they did not experience. That is why we supported and proposed fresh, democratic, ways of developing a ‘retain and explain’ approach to historic objects and landscapes.
Second that there are also bogus reasons for rewriting the record — mostly to present Britain as uniquely rapacious, violent and prejudiced, and therefore in need of a thorough Year Zero reconstruction, starting with the monarchy. Sadly for those who hold to this view, Her Majesty’s passing has, if anything, revealed that the British people have little time for it; the institution is no less popular than it was before, and the new King’s first week has seen his esteem in the public’s eyes climb dramatically.
Third, we have lately plotted the popular appetite for destruction of the past narratives through real-world votes on the changing of names, the moving of statues and so on, conducted by relevant authorities, such as local councils. Almost without exception, the answer from the people has been: explain the thing better by all means, but please leave it alone. It is part of who and what we are, and you who take the taxpayer’s money should have better things to do than destroy our past.
With that said, we introduce our 13th Compendium of History Matters.
|
|
|
This is the thirteenth edition of our rolling compendium, which attempts to draw together a range of recent developments that turn on the place of history in the public square – including the removal of certain statues on public display, the renaming of buildings and places, and changes to the way history is taught in educational curricula. In cataloguing these examples, we do not offer any judgment on the actions of the individual or institution in question, today or in the past. Our aim is simply to provide a clear documentary record of what is happening – which can help inform public debate on these issues. At present, the evidence confirms that history is the most active front in a new culture war, and that action is being taken widely and quickly in a way that does not reflect public opinion or growing concern over our treatment of the past.
As part of the History Matters Project, Policy Exchange also commissioned new polling on British History, which shows sharp divides across age groups and political affiliation.
From attitudes to Churchill, the British Empire or slavery and its abolition, those with a more positive view of Britain’s role in history are more likely to have voted Conservative in the 2019 General Election, while those with a more negative view are more likely to have voted Labour.
Overall, more people are proud of British history than not. For example, more people believe that the UK should be prouder of its role in abolishing the slave trade (42%) than ashamed of its role in the Atlantic slave trade (30%); and more people believe the British Empire did more good than harm (38%) than believe the British Empire did more harm than good (29%). Attitudes to some figures and events in history are also shifting over time. A YouGov poll found in 2018 that 47% of the public had a positive view of Churchill, compared to only 39% today.
However, these proportions vary substantially based on factors such as age and which party the person supported at the 2019 election. People’s views on British history are also indelibly linked to how they are likely to vote:
- 63% of Conservative voters think the British Empire did more good than harm, compared to only 21% of Labour voters.
- 61% of Conservative voters have a positive view of Winston Churchill, compared to only 22% of Labour voters.
- Only 20% of 18–24-year-olds have a positive view of Churchill, compared to 58% of over 65s.
|
|
|
Policy Exchange renews a call for evidence asking museum directors, curators, teachers and the wider public to share their experiences and concerns about the ways in which history is being politicised, and sometimes distorted, sending their evidence to callforevidence@policyexchange.org.uk.
Contents
- The Queen’s Speech
- Police, Crime, Sentencing and Courts Act 2022
- Cambridge University’s Slavery Report
- NEU
- Lord Nelson and Sir Francis Drake
- Arts Council England
- Stroud Statue
- Museums Association
- BP or Not BP?
- Jubilee Reading List
- Bank of England
- College of Policing
- Ipswich Museum
- The Crown Estate
- Thatcher’s Statue
- University of Salford
- Durham University
- Benin Bronze Statues
- The House of Commons Library
- Universities and the Race Equality Charter
- David Oluwale
- £70,000 of Scottish councils’ money
- Gonville and Caius College
- Exeter City Council
- Ukrainian artefacts
- Blue Coat School
- University of Edinburgh
|
|
|
1. The Queen’s Speech
Announced in the Queen’s Speech early this year, the Government introduced legislation empowering local residents to have more of a say over the changing of street names following a recommendation from Policy Exchange. Recognising Policy Exchange’s work, the Queen's Speech introduced the Levelling-Up and Regeneration Bill, stating:
“A bill will be brought forward to drive local growth, empowering local leaders to regenerate their areas, and ensuring everyone can share in the United Kingdom’s success. The planning system will be reformed to give residents more involvement in local development.”
One of the main elements of the Bill is: “Giving residents more of a say over changing street names and ensuring everyone can continue to benefit from al fresco dining.”
The Bill passed its first and second reading in the House of Commons and is now at committee stage.
The Government wishes to acknowledge the work of Policy Exchange and the publication of Protecting local heritage: How to bring democracy to the renaming of streets (March 2021). The Government published a response to a consultation on the nature of the regulations required to help deliver the reforms to the process for changing the name of a street. 90% of responses backed the Government’s plans. The response states:
“Having taken the responses to this consultation into account, the government considers that its proposed approach to modernising multiple Acts by replacing them with a clear requirement (based on the principles set out in 1907 legislation) is the most appropriate approach to establish in law the democratic right of communities to be engaged and to protect local heritage.
“The government welcomes the strong support for the proposals in the technical consultation including:
- communities on a street being involved in the decision-making process before the name of a street can be changed
- local authorities giving votes to those who are on the local government electoral roll for the street in question
- local authorities engaging both residential and non-domestic premises before the name of a street can be changed
- regulations / statutory guidance setting out how local authorities should seek consent when changing a street name
- local authorities engaging the local electorate through consultations or questionnaires administered in person
- local authorities engaging the local electorate for at least 1 month
- the minimum threshold of the local electorate that need to have voted in favour of a street name being two-thirds or higher (as set out in the 1907 legislation); and
- local authorities waiting at least 10 years or more before re-seeking consent if the voting threshold is not met.”
The then Housing Minister, Rt Hon Stuart Andrew MP, issued the following statement:
“Street names are often a proud part of a community’s identity and hold cherished memories for those that have lived there past and present.
“As part of our mission to level up across the country, we want communities to take back control so we are putting the power over street names changes into the hands of local people who would be most directly affected.
“Our new laws will stop councils pushing through street names changes that communities don’t want.”
Source: Department for Levelling Up, Housing & Communities, ‘Consultation outcome: Government response to the technical consultation on street naming’, 5th July 2020
Department for Levelling Up, Housing & Communities, ‘Communities to take back control over proposed street name changes’, 5th July 2022
10 Downing Street, ‘Queen’s Speech’, 10th May 2022
UK Parliament, ‘Levelling-Up and Regeneration Bill’, 11th May 2022
Department for Levelling Up, Housing and Communities, ‘Technical consultation on street naming’, 11th April 2022
Policy Exchange, ‘Protecting local heritage: How to bring democracy to the renaming of streets’, 14th March 2022
|
|
2. Police, Crime, Sentencing and Courts Act 2022
Parliament passed the Police, Crime, Sentencing and Courts Act 2022 which increases the maximum penalty for criminal damage of less than £5,000 to a memorial from 3 months to 10 years’ imprisonment. In a Home Office policy paper, it states:
“The offence of criminal damage is an either way offence which attracts a maximum sentence of 10 years’ imprisonment. Where the damage value is less than £5,000, the case must be tried summarily and attracts a maximum sentence of 3 months’ imprisonment and, or a fine of up to £2,500.
“Damage to a memorial is covered by the offence of criminal damage and where the damage value is under £5,000, the court’s powers are restricted as outlined above.
“Concern has been voiced in Parliament and society that the law focuses too heavily on the monetary value of the damage with insufficient consideration given to the emotional or wider distress caused by this type of offending, and as a result, the punishments do not fit the crime.
“We intend, where there is damage to a memorial, to remove the consideration of monetary damage, which would otherwise, in some cases, determine venue and limit sentencing powers.
“Instead, in cases where a memorial has been damaged, mode of trial will not be determined by the monetary value of the damage caused and the maximum sentence of imprisonment will be ten years’ imprisonment.
“Section 1(1) of the Criminal Damage Act 1971 creates an offence of destroying or damaging any property belonging to another person, whether intentionally or recklessly, without lawful excuse. This offence attracts a penalty of a term of imprisonment not exceeding ten years.
“Where the damage caused to the property does not exceed £5,000 in value, section 22 of the Magistrates’ Courts Act 1980 requires the case to be tried summarily in the magistrates’ court where the maximum sentence available is 3 months’ imprisonment and/or a fine of up to £2,500.
“The proposed change will amend the Magistrates’ Courts Act 1980 so that, where damage or desecration of a memorial occurs and amounts to an offence of criminal damage the court will no longer be constrained in its options where the value involved in monetary terms is assessed to be less than £5,000.
“Background There is widespread belief that the current law does not provide enough powers to allow the court to deal effectively with the desecration of war memorials and other statues. The issue re-emerged during summer 2020 when many statues and memorials were damaged causing great concern to the wider public. The government has considered these concerns and proposed, these changes which will mean the courts can now deal effectively with damage caused to memorials.”
Source: Home Office, ‘Criminal damage to memorials: Police, Crime, Sentencing and Courts Act 2022 factsheet’, 27th May 2022
|
|
3. Cambridge University’s Slavery Report
 Cambridge University publishes its report on the ‘Legacies of Enslavement’ which makes several recommendations, such as establishing a dedicated research centre, and increasing postgraduate scholarships and bursaries for black British, African and Caribbean students. Following its publication, the university hosted a three-day conference entitled ‘Envisioning Reparations: Historical and Comparative approaches’, aimed at addressing the “increasingly prominent calls for slavery reparations… [and] the myriad injustices of the post-emancipation colonialism”. Vice-Chancellor Professor Stephen J Toope responded to the report, stating:
“The inquiry set out to add to the sum of our historical knowledge, working on the principle that as a mature, research-driven university, Cambridge is better off knowing than not knowing about its past.
“Though the report shines a light on the University’s past, our greatest obligation is to the collegiate University’s future.
“The report and its recommendations are not ends in themselves. Instead, I hope they will enable some of the conversations and decisions needed to make the Cambridge of tomorrow more self-reflective, more equitable and more open to all talent.”
As part of the overall institutional response:
- The report recommends the establishment of a Cambridge Legacies of Enslavement Research Centre to continue the investigations initiated by the inquiry as well as to encompass global Black British histories.
- The University will seek to name some streets and public spaces in Phases 2 and 3 of its North-West Cambridge development, and in the new West Cambridge Innovation District, after prominent Black Cambridge graduates as well as after notable abolitionists.
- The University of Cambridge Museums has developed a Collections for Everyone programme to make its nine museums and Botanic Garden more accessible to a diverse range of visitors in person and online.
- Cambridge’s Fitzwilliam Museum will hold an exhibition on slavery and power in 2023 that will include University and loaned objects.
- Cambridge’s Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology has also recommended to the Charity Commission that its Benin Bronzes – artefacts taken in a 19th century violent military campaign – be legally returned to Nigeria.
A summary of the research findings can be found here and the full report here.
Wishing to remain anonymous, one Cambridge don spoke to The Telegraph, commenting: “All too often the impact of CRASSH on the humanities at Cambridge is exactly what the acronym implies it would be: a collision between ideology and serious intellectual inquiry.”
“This conference seems to be yet one more example of how the university’s obsession with race is distorting a balanced approach to research. It is activism masquerading as academia.”
Sources: Cambridge University, ‘Advisory Group on Legacies of Enslavement final report’, 21st September 2022
Centre for Research in the Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, ‘Envisioning reparations: historical and comparative approaches’, 28th to 30th September 2022
Cambridge University, ‘Cambridge responds to legacies of enslavement inquiry’, 22nd September 2022
The Telegraph, ‘Cambridge dons revolt over ‘propagandist’ slavery conference criticising the late Queen’, 24th September 2022
|
|
4. NEU
National Education Union (NEU) calls on the Government to carry out a review and decolonise the school curriculum. At the NEU annual conference, General Secretary Dr Mary Bousted stated:
“On Tuesday this week we heard from key Black members who have helped to build real momentum behind the Union’s Anti Racist Framework. Members are making sure of its impact in their area as a tool for making real change around challenging racism.
“And we are pleased to announce today a partnership with the Runnymede Trust and education experts to form an independent working group which will act as a point of critical interrogation for the government’s planned history curriculum changes.
“We want to ensure that Black history, cultures, and perspectives have proper recognition in all subjects and all year round. And this must centre the perspectives of those who were colonised or their descendants.”
General Secretary Kevin Courtney added: “We know that Wales has already undertaken a review of the whole curriculum and there is no reason this English government can’t do that too. And could do it with the profession. And use that review to decolonise the curriculum and take forward other pressing concerns.”
In addition to the remarks at the NEU’s annual conference, in a leaked report seen by the Telegraph the NEU suggests that curriculums, the design of classrooms, and the structure of their routines have colonial roots. A Department for Education spokesperson told Policy Exchange:
“Schools play a crucial role in helping pupils understand the world around them and their place within it, and in teaching about respect for other people and for difference.
“Schools have a duty to remain politically impartial and should not teach contested theory or opinions as fact. They must also be mindful of the need to offer a balanced presentation of opposing views, particularly when using materials produced by external organisations.”
The Department for Education also stated:
“We expect schools to make reasonable decisions about the content of their curriculum. It is important that schools take full responsibility for ensuring lessons and materials are age appropriate, suitable and politically impartial, particularly when using materials produced by external organisations.
“The knowledge-rich curriculum in our schools offers pupils the opportunity to study significant figures from black and ethnic minority backgrounds and the contributions they have made to the nation, as well as helping them understand our shared history with countries from across the world.
Sources: Joint General Secretaries’ Speech at the NEU annual conference, 14th April 2022
The Telegraph, ‘Decolonise your desks, demand teaching union in ‘sinister; new escalation of culture wars’, 3rd July 2022
|
|
5. Lord Nelson and Sir Francis Drake
 Statues of Lord Nelson and Sir Francis Drake will remain in place after Goldsmiths University conducted a consultation showed that 58% of the 122 respondents disagreed or strongly disagreed with the removal of the four statues. The University issued the following statement:
“After carefully considering the results of the public consultation alongside other evidence Goldsmiths’ Council, the most senior decision-making body of the College, agreed that Goldsmiths will not seek permission to remove the statues. Instead the College will erect free standing explanation panels on the window ledges beneath the statues and develop a civic and schools engagement programme and a grant for local artists of colour to explore the issues raised by Deptford Town Hall and its statues.”
Professor Frances Corner, Warden of Goldsmiths said:
“I would like to thank everyone who took the time to submit their views as part of our public consultation. We will continue to consult with local people as we develop our plans to address the complex legacy of the area’s maritime heritage embodied in the Deptford Town Hall statues.”
The consultation took place following a series of protests by Goldsmith University students.
Sources: Goldsmiths University of London, ‘Deptford Town Hall statues consultation’
Goldsmith University of London, ‘Deptford Town Hall statues to remain in place’, 24th June 2022
|
|
6. Arts Council England
The Museum Development programme, which receives public money from the Arts  Council England, runs an Equity & Inclusion NoBarriers programme that seeks to address history ‘written by white men’.
On the website it states:
“NoBarriers delivers tailored approaches to increasing inclusive and equitable practice in the cultural sector, including training, advice, strategic planning, service review and community engagement.
“Isilda Almeida, founder of NoBarriers, works as an Equity, Diversity and Inclusion Consultant in the culture sector and brings with her over 20 years’ experience of the UK heritage sector.
“Isilda will be supported by Maurice Davies, who brings nearly 40 years of experience in UK museums and galleries as a policymaker, leader and curator. He has championed equity and inclusion since the 1990s when he was editor of Museums Journal. He has advised organisations such as the Greater London Authority, the National Museum Directors Council and the National Trust on aspects of heritage and race. Most recently he has helped Museum Detox with an organisational review and, with Isilda, delivered training on museums and decolonisation.
“Between them, Isilda and Maurice bring knowledge, professional and lived-experience current approaches to Equity and Inclusion, contextualised by historical and political events that have shaped how museums got to where they are.”
One aspect the training includes ‘decolonising the museum’, stating:
“What does decolonising the museum mean? This session will familiarise you with the meaning and concepts of what is increasingly called museum decolonisation. It discusses how museums have changed the ways they interpret history and culture, from blogging to exhibitions; and of the current expectations on them to further take account of Equity and Inclusion in their organisation. This session will include inspirational examples of recent practice.”
Following recent media coverage, the Arts Council told Policy Exchange:
“We carefully invest in a wide range of museums and organisations to produce accurate, insightful, and high-quality work that delivers value for the taxpayer. The investment in the Museums Development network provides much-welcomed support, training, and advice to a wide range of museums across England - often these are small volunteer-led museums. The focus is very much on helping local people protect and share their heritage so that it can be enjoyed by future generations.”
Sources: Museum Development United Kingdom, ‘Equity & Inclusion Programme 2021-22’
Arts Council England, ‘Museum Development Programme’
|
|
7. Stroud Statue
Stroud District Council voted to accept the recommendations of a report calling for the removal of the small black boy statue standing above a clock on a Grade II-listed building. The report included the results of a public survey which showed 79% of the 1,600 respondees favoured the removal of the statue. A statement from Stroud District Council states:
“Following publicity around the review of street or building names and monuments, the council wishes to clarify that there are no immediate plans to remove the Black Boy clock and statue
“A Stroud District Council spokesperson said: “There are no immediate plans to remove the Black Boy clock and statue in Castle Street, Stroud.
“The council has voted to explore how removal could be achieved and this process is expected to take some time.
“This follows extensive consultation and response, and the public will have further opportunity to have their say. As we have stated previously, removal is not guaranteed.
“Approval for removal would be required from stakeholders including the owners of the clock and statue, the Local Planning Authority, Historic England and very likely the Secretary of State for Levelling Up, Housing and Communities.
“This is part of an ongoing conversation about how our district can become a more inclusive place for everybody living in it, in response to concerns raised from residents.”
Sources: Stroud District Council, ‘Report of the Review Panel: Review of street or building names and monuments in the Stroud District’, 28th April 2022
Stroud District Council, ‘Council meeting – Thursday 28th April 2022’, vote cast at 1:46
Stroud District Council, ‘Review of street or building names and monuments in the Stroud district’ 28th April 2022
|
|
8. Museums Association
The Museums Association has launched a ‘Decolonising Confidence and Skills’ programme as part of its campaign to decolonise museums. On its website, it states:
“We have recently launched our Decolonising Confidence and Skills programme, which will provide support for people who work in and with museums to advance their decolonising practice through a series of in-person and online modules and events throughout 2022 and 2023.
“We are now recruiting a cohort of people to be part of the Decolonisation Collective, and a cohort to join our Decolonisation Leaders’ Network. You can find information about both initiatives below.
“The Decolonisation Collective will be a group of museum professionals embarking on a journey to learn about decolonisation and its importance to all areas of museum practice.
“The programme will introduce you to some of the histories and theories that inform this and will help you tackle some common concerns and myths that have built up around it. Importantly, it will create a space for thinking, learning and reflection to support you as you develop your understanding and build an approach that sharpens the lens through which you look at all your work.
“As part of the collective it is hoped that you will develop the confidence to become agents of change and be able to connect decolonial thinking and practice to contemporary inequalities and to the potential of the museum to shape our understanding of them.”
Earlier this year, the Museums Association published guidance stating:
“Our new guidance, Supporting Decolonisation in Museums, aims to empower more people to take action and lead change as museums address the legacy of British colonialism.
“This guidance has been produced by our Decolonisation Guidance Working Group, with support from our Ethics Committee and a range of critical friends. It was developed following the findings of our 2019 Empowering Collections report which recognised the growing interest in decolonising museums, but a lack of confidence in how to put this into practice.
“Supporting Decolonisation in Museums covers all areas of practice, with sections on collaboration, collections, workforce and more. The guidance offers prompts for thinking, discussion and action, recognising there is no single ‘right’ way to decolonise museums. It is intended to help people from across the museum sector to engage with decolonising practice, regardless of size or type of institution.
In a supporting comment, the Chair of the Decolonisation Guidance Working Group, Rachel Minott, said:
“Working to collaboratively create a resource to support museums to be aware of the effects of the legacy of colonialism and to actively pursue decolonial practice has been an exciting and rewarding learning experience. The working group members generously shared their knowledge and experience and challenged one another throughout this process. I’m excited to keep learning and growing with the wider sector as they engage with this tool.”
Source: Museums Association, ‘Decolonising Confidence and Skills programme’, 21st April 2022
Museums Association, ‘Supporting Decolonisation in Museums Guidance’, 25th January 2022
|
|
9. BP or Not BP?
The campaign group, BP or Not BP, occupied four rooms inside the British Museum in protest against its sponsorship by BP. In a blog on their, BP or Not BP said:
“Last night (April 23rd), we occupied four rooms inside the British Museum after hours in protest against the museum’s controversial sponsor, the oil giant BP. Our performers smuggled in a huge, 10-metre version of the oil company’s logo, made from wood and fabric, which we dramatically “dismantled” in a hundreds-strong performance in the museum’s Great Court at 4pm.
“We then took the pieces of the logo to four different galleries in the museum and refused to leave, occupying the rooms and transforming the pieces of logo into artwork that “represents the future we need, beyond BP”. Around 50 performers stayed in the museum until 7pm, two hours after closing time, despite requests to leave from museum security. At 7pm, the performers left their artwork – which ranged from fabric collages to three-dimensional windmills – inside the museum as a reminder to the management to end the BP sponsorship.”
“The action took place this weekend because the British Museum is actively deciding whether to renew its current deal with BP.
The British Museum was unable to share their press statement with Policy Exchange but on its website it states:
“BP is one of the British Museum's longest standing corporate supporters, generously supporting the Museum's public programme on an annual basis since 1996.
“This longstanding partnership has allowed nearly 5 million visitors to view BP-supported British Museum exhibitions, displays and activities in Bloomsbury and further afield.
“For 23 years BP has supported numerous special exhibitions as title sponsor, most recently the successful Troy: myth and reality in 2019/20, I am Ashurbanipal: king of the world, king of Assyria in 2018/19 and Scythians: warriors of ancient Siberia in 2017. Previously they have supported Sunken cities: Egypt’s lost worlds, Indigenous Australia: enduring civilisation, Ming: 50 years that changed China and Vikings: life and legend.
“In addition, BP has supported special public events at the British Museum such as Chinese New Year (2008), the Mexican Day of the Dead (2009), and most recently the Days of the Dead Festival (2015), supported by BP and in association with the Government of Mexico as part of the 2015: Year of Mexico in the UK. This four-day event attracted 80,000 visitors between 30 October and 2 November.
“In 2000 BP funded the BP Lecture Theatre as part of the Great Court development at the British Museum. This is an invaluable resource for the Museum's education and public programme as well as generating additional revenue through conference hire.”
Sources: BP or Not BP, ‘Mass BP action at British Museum ends with creative occupation of four galleries’, 24th April 2022
The British Museum, ‘Sponsorship case study’
|
|
10. Jubilee Reading List
The ‘Big Jubilee Read’, a shortlist of 70 essential novels from across the late Queen’s seven decade, will not include certain novels such as JK Rowling’s Harry Potter and the Philosopher’ Stone, or Tolkien’s Lord of the Rings. In a statement to Policy Exchange, the BBC commented:
“The titles were chosen by a panel independent of the BBC and The Reading Agency, made up of librarians, literature experts and book sellers - JK Rowling was in featured on the 'Novels That Shaped Our World', and Harry Potter features in the final episode of the current BBC Arts series of 'Art That Made Us'.”
The list of seventy titles were chosen by an expert panel of librarians, booksellers and literature specialists organised in partnership by BBC Arts and The Reading Agency.
The full ‘Big Jubilee Reading’ list can be found here and here.
Sources: BBC Arts, ‘A literary celebration of Queen Elizabeth II’s recording-breaking reign’, 17th April 2021
The Reading Agency, ‘Big Jubilee Read’, 17th April 2021
|
|
11. Bank of England
 Research commissioned by the Bank of England reveals that it owned 599 slaves in the late 18th Century. Commissioning the research took place after the Black Lives Matters protest in 2020 and forms part of a new exhibition, Slavery & the Bank. A Bank of England spokesperson told Policy Exchange:
“In 2021, the Bank of England commissioned a researcher to explore its historic links to transatlantic slavery, working with the Bank of England Museum and Archive.
“This research found that in the 1770s the Bank made loans to a merchant company called Alexander & Sons. When that business defaulted on those loans, the Bank came into possession of two plantations in Grenada, which had been pledged as security for the loans. Our research has found that 599 enslaved African people lived and worked on those plantations.
“The Bank subsequently sold on the plantations. The Bank of England Museum’s new exhibition, ‘Slavery and the Bank’, explores this and other aspects of the Bank’s historic links to the slave trade. It is free to access for members of the public.”
In a blog on the Bank of England website, curator Jennifer Adam states:
“This month, two years since we closed for the first lockdown, we reopened the doors of the Bank of England Museum. The whole team has been working hard behind the scenes. We’ve made a lot of changes, including a full refreshment of the Modern Economy Gallery, which looks at the role and work of the Bank of England today. But we also open with a new exhibition and interventions throughout the whole of the Museum: Slavery & the Bank. The exhibition explores the links between the history of the Bank of England, the City of London, and transatlantic slavery.
“The exhibition has been taking shape since 2020, though the research began some time before. There is a strong movement in the museum world towards an anticolonial approach to collections and exhibitions. This doesn’t only mean repatriating contested artefacts, or removing statues, but examining the stories that we tell and the power structures they reflect. Do the monuments and narratives in our public spaces celebrate people and power structures that reflect today’s values, our values? And if not, what do we do about that?
…
“Around 2018, we began research into our collections to see what relevant material we had and how we could include it in exhibitions. The work gained momentum in early 2020 when a small number of colleagues in the Bank of England Ethnic Minority Network began an internal project to highlight the Bank’s links to transatlantic slavery. The Black Lives Matter protests of 2020 then showed unmistakably the public desire for institutions to be open about their history and connections with slavery and colonialism. As public attention turned to the question of who we commemorate in our public spaces, we began to look more closely at the figures on our own walls.
…
“As a result of this initial research we moved ten items from display around the Bank into our museum stores, where they will be kept safely. Four are featured in the exhibition, Slavery & the Bank. We began planning for this exhibition in earnest in autumn 2020, and in 2021 two academic specialists joined the Museum team for the project. Dr Michael Bennett, a specialist in the history of early modern Britain and Caribbean slavery, led the research that underpins the exhibition. And Liberty Paterson, whose PhD research looks at the cultural legacies of slavery at the National Portrait Gallery, London, was brought in to co-curate the exhibition and assist with research.
“The resulting exhibition examines the different ways that individuals were involved, from owning plantations to trading in products produced by enslaved people. It also looks at the Bank’s place in the wider financial system at a time where enslavement was considered a legitimate trade, to the extent that people were treated as a form of property that could be used as collateral for a loan. Exhibition research uncovered documents relating to the Bank’s ownership of two plantations in Grenada in the late 1700s. The Bank came into possession of the plantations, and the enslaved Africans who worked there, after they were put up as security for a loan that defaulted.”
Source: The Bank of England, ‘Beginning the exhibition: Slavery & the Bank’, 29th April 2022
|
|
12. College of Policing
 The College of Policing, which sets guidance for the training of police offers, urged police forces to ‘decolonise’ their training material. A College of Policing spokesman told Policy Exchange:
“The College of Policing is the professional body for everyone working across policing and we set standards, provide training, and share good practice.
“The focus of our new training is to better prepare officers to fight crime and keep people safe. A survey of almost 4,000 new recruits found they felt better prepared to deal with the complexity of policing today than those joining under old training regimes.
“Equality impact assessments fulfil a legal requirement under the Equality Act 2010. As part of fulfilling that legal requirement, this technical document shares existing research that forces may wish to consider to help them attract and develop effective officers. It is for each force to decide whether specific elements of this research would be of benefit.”
The training material is not publicly available.
|
|
13. Ipswich Museum
Ipswich Museum is recruiting a Senior Curator (Decolonial Practice). Colchester Borough’s advert for the job, which is now no-longer available, stated the role will:
“To embed the evolving decolonising ethos across Ipswich Museum’s collections, interpretation, and curatorial practice.
“To lead the implementation of sustainable and practical strategies to decolonise the museum programme.
“To advocate and influence a positive shift of the Museum’s work culture, policies, attitudes, and behaviours”
In a response to Policy Exchange, Ipswich Borough Council states:
“We did not issue any press statement when this matter was reported last month.”
The job advert is no longer available online.
|
|
14. The Crown Estate
The Crown Estate has been officially asked by representatives of the Libyan state to either return the Elgin Marbles in Windsor Great Park, or prove that they were not stolen. Mohamed Shaban, the lawyer acting for Libyan Government, told the Telegraph:
“We say that these were stolen and they should be returned as a matter of moral obligation”, Mohamed Shaban, the lawyer acting for Libya, told The Telegraph.
“British values are about doing the right thing, and I think the right thing would be to return these artefacts.
“We have shown great respect so far, and we have perhaps not had the respect that we deserve. For us, now, nothing is off the table.”
A spokesperson for The Crown Estate told Policy Exchange:
“The Leptis Magna columns were installed at Virginia Water in the early 1800s. They remain on public display and are an important and valued feature of the Virginia Water landscape. They continue to be enjoyed by the millions of visitors to Windsor Great Park each year.”
Source: The Telegraph, ‘Queen’s estate faces legal battle over Libyan ‘Elgin Marbles’, 22nd April 2022
|
|
15. Thatcher’s Statue
 Two hours after its instalment, the statue of the Baroness Margaret Thatcher in Grantham was egged. Mr Webster, the deputy director of the Attenborough Arts Centre, the University of Leicester’s public art programme, egged the statue and put out a ‘call to arms’ in a now deleted social post. Lincolnshire police issued a fine stating:
“We have spoken with a 59-year-old man in relation an incident involving eggs being thrown at a statue of former Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher on 15 May.
“He has been given a £90 fixed penalty notice under Section 5 of the Public Order Act.
“The statue continues to be monitored by CCTV.”
In a statement to Policy Exchange, Kerry Law, Chief Marketing and Engagement Officer at the University of Leicester, said:
“The University of Leicester has a long-standing history of supporting art, fostering creativity and protecting creative freedom. It does not condone any form of defacement and takes any act of defacement extremely seriously. This matter will be addressed in line with the University’s own procedures."
The Leader of South Kesteven District Council, Cllr Kelham Cooke, said: "This memorial statue of the late Baroness Thatcher of Kesteven will be a fitting tribute to a truly unique political figure.
"Margaret Thatcher will always be a significant part of Grantham's heritage. She and her family have close ties with Grantham. She was born, raised and went to school here.
"It is, therefore, appropriate that she is commemorated by her home town, and that the debate that surrounds her legacy takes place here in Grantham. We must never hide from our history, and this memorial will be a talking point for generations to come.
"We hope that this memorial will encourage others to visit Grantham and to see where she lived and visit the exhibition of her life in Grantham Museum.
"This is about inspiring, educating and informing people about someone who represents a significant part of Grantham's heritage.
Source: South Kesteven District Council, ‘Baroness Thatcher statue installed in Grantham’, 16th May 2022
Lincolnshire Police, ‘Fine given to man who threw ages at statue’, 26th May 2022
|
|
16. University of Salford
University of Salford attempts to 'decolonise' its creative writing course. Documents seen by the Telegraph report examples, such as sonnets being the “products of white western cultures”. Following recent press coverage, a University of Salford spokesperson told Policy Exchange:
“Whilst taking the second-year poetry module, Creative Writing students are required to write sonnets and to submit at least one for assessment. In the first year, they are also taught the history of the sonnet, studying examples from Wyatt, Shakespeare and others. As a university which values diversity we also teach sonnets written by contemporary black writers like Terrence Hayes and Malika Booker. Our priority is always that students receive the best possible learning experience.”
Source: The Telegraph, ‘University side-lines sonnets as ‘products of white western culture’, 14th May 2022
|
|
17. Durham University
Durham University students have been told to attend ‘anti-racism training’ after a row over journalist Rod Liddle. Following public backlash, the University sent an email to students making clear that the course was voluntary and organised by a student society, not by the university, and that students would face no penalty for not attending. A Durham University spokesperson told Policy Exchange:
“The provision of this training was not a University or College initiative, but was taken by the student-led Junior Common Room at John Snow College. The training is delivered by Durham People of Colour Association, an association of Durham Students’ Union. Anti-racism training can help to create a more respectful environment, but attendance is at the discretion of individual students.”
In response to recent press coverage, the Durham’s Peoples of Colour Association said:
“The workshops are aimed at all people. We address racism as a structural and systemic issue with minimal focus on unconscious bias and interpersonal racism and does not demonise individuals but rather discuss how racism presents itself in everyday life.
“There is absolutely no reference of people being criminal for because of their whiteness.
“The intention of the workshop is to create a safe space for all students to have an honest and open engagement with ideas of race and racism where everyone is free to ask questions and learn about creating a more inclusive, not divisive, culture on campus.”
|
|
18. Benin Bronze Statues
 Glasgow City Council voted for the largest ever repatriation of cultural artefacts from Scottish museums. At the request of the nations where the artefacts originated, 51 items will be returned to Nigeria, India, and the Cheyenne River and Oglala Sioux Tribes in the US state of South Dakota. Duncan Dornan, Head of Museums and Collections at Glasgow Life, said:
“Glasgow has a positive history regarding repatriation. The return of these objects from Glasgow Life Museums’ collection to their rightful owners represents the largest-ever repatriation of cultural artefacts from a Scottish museums service and is a significant moment for our city. Specifically, the repatriation of seven Indian antiquities is the first of its kind to India from a UK museum.
“Glasgow has been at the forefront of repatriation efforts in the UK since 1999, when a Lakota Sacred Ghost Dance shirt was returned to the Wounded Knee Survivors’ Association. Since then, we’ve continued to maintain and build relationships internationally, which is fundamental to finding a respectful and constructive outcome for all parties. Glasgow Life Museums has worked in partnership with various official representatives on these latest repatriations and we recognise the importance of transparency when explaining how such objects arrived in the city.
“By addressing past wrongs, we believe these returns will, in a small way, help these descendant communities and nations to heal some of the wounds represented by the wrongful removal of their cultural artefacts.”
The council voted in favour of recommendations proposed in a report by the council’s Working Group for Repatriations of Artefacts.
Source: Glasgow Life, ‘Glasgow City Council approves repatriation of global cultural artefacts’, 7th April 2022
Glasgow City Council, ‘Recommendations for Repatriation of Artefacts’, 7th April 2022
|
|
19. The House of Commons Library
A House of Commons spokesperson told Policy Exchange:
“The Commons Library provides a vital impartial service in supporting MPs as they carry out their democratic duties. As with all responsible organisations, our collections are kept under constant review.
"As part of our commitment to continually reviewing collections, work has been underway intended to ensure the library collection contains a wide range of perspectives which are representative of Britain past and present. This work includes steps to actively increase the diversity of the collection, rather than 'decolonising' it.
“The library will continue to provide users with collections that are authoritative, impartial, and include a wide range of perspectives."
A race reading group has been set up by the House of Commons library following the Black Lives Matter movement with the aim to decolonise its book collection.
|
|
20. Universities and the Race Equality Charter
Many universities taking part in Advance HE’s Race Equality Charter pledge to ‘decolonise’ curriculums. There are currently 98 institutional members of Advance HE’s Race Equality Charter and 29 bronze award members.
The Telegraph has reported that of the 23 universities who held bronze awards in May 2022, 20 had explicitly said they are “decolonising” courses, while the remainder had pledged to “liberate”, “diversify” or introduce “compulsory race equality” to their syllabi.
A full list of universities who have made the pledge can be found here.
Then Minister for Higher and Further Education, Michelle Donelan, said:
“Academic freedom is a cornerstone of our education system and it is academics, not university bureaucrats or quangos such as AdvanceHE, who should be determining the curriculum our students are being taught.
“We want universities to focus on delivering high quality face to face teaching, not wasting tax-payers' and students' money on divisive initiatives such as trigger warnings, cancelling historical figures or erasing our history and heritage.
“The interim CEO of the OfS warned that universities should be thinking carefully and independently about their free speech duty when signing up to these sort of schemes. Our new Freedom of Speech Bill will force universities to take these duties seriously. At best, these initiatives are a distraction; at worst a dangerous initiative that undermines scholarship, divides our society and undermines the global standing of our university system.”
In response to recent media coverage, Advance HE released the following statement:
“Advance HE’s work is entirely evidence-based. Our priorities are informed by our members and a broad range of sector and academic experts. We are an educational charity and not a campaigning organisation. Activism plays no part in our work. We have no particular ideological stance or agenda that we are seeking to promote. We do not seek to compel our members to adopt particular theories, methods or stances – indeed, we have no power to do so even if we wanted to.
“Our purpose is strictly to support our members in working out approaches that are appropriate for them and which meet their circumstances and priorities in tackling some difficult, sensitive and contested issues in promoting Equality, Diversity & Inclusion (EDI) across the higher education sector.”
Sources: Advance HE, ‘Advance HE statement about tackling inequalities’, 31st May 2022
Advance HE, ‘Race Equality Charter Members’
Telegraph, Top Universities Pledge to Decolonise to win ‘woke’ charity’s awards
|
|
21. David Oluwale
 A new sculpture dedicated to a victim of police racism will be protected by anti-terrorism and security measures after a plaque installed in his memory was allegedly stolen. Leeds City Council issued a statement, saying:
“Council chiefs in Leeds are set to give their backing to the creation of a major new public artwork paying tribute to the life and legacy of David Oluwale.
“At a meeting next week, members of the council’s executive board will be asked to support the significant new piece by internationally-renowned artist Yinka Shonibare CBE RA, which is due to be unveiled at Aire Park next year as part of the LEEDS 2023 cultural celebration.
“The striking, 10m high artwork will be the first of its kind in the UK by the artist, and will commemorate the life of David Oluwale, who travelled from Nigeria to Leeds and was sadly harassed because of his race, homelessness and mental health.
“He tragically drowned in the River Aire in 1969 in an incident which had a profound social and cultural impact on the city and inspired a series of moving books and plays.
“Next week, members of the executive board will be asked to approve a funding package which will allow the Leeds Culture Trust to begin work on bringing the new artwork to life.
“If agreed, the council will cover project costs while fundraising by partners is ongoing, enabling the artwork to progress within its required timescales. Costs to the council are expected to be recouped through fundraising.
“The proposal will also be subject to a planning application which will be submitted later this summer, with a series of community engagement sessions being prepared. People in Leeds will also have the opportunity to support fundraising.
“The nationally significant new artwork is being proposed as part of a partnership between the David Oluwale Memorial Association (DOMA) and LEEDS 2023 and is part of ongoing work to commemorate David’s life.
“When completed, it will be placed in Aire Park, the largest new city centre green space in the UK, and close to the David Oluwale bridge, a further tribute which is currently under construction.
“Recently, a blue plaque was also installed on Leeds Bridge by Leeds Civic Trust and sadly vandalised, provoking a public outcry across Leeds and beyond, and sparking a remarkable fundraising effort and response. Work is now ongoing to install a replacement.
Councillor Jonathan Pryor, Leeds City Council’s executive member for economy, culture and education, said: “David Oluwale’s story is one which should be remembered and commemorated because it reminds us of both the tragic price of intolerance and the progress we have made as a city.
“As recent events have shown, the people of Leeds will not stand for racism and we will unite in spectacular fashion against the actions of any mindless individuals who would seek to divide us.
“This important artwork will stand as a lasting monument to David’s life and legacy and as a symbol of the modern, diverse and inclusive city Leeds is today.”
The report submitted to Leeds Executive Board can be found here.
Source: Leeds City Council, ‘Council chiefs set to back new tribute to David Oluwale’, 14th June 2022
Leeds City Council, ‘Securing the proposed new public artwork in memory of David Oluwale and for the City of Leeds and authority to enter into an agreement with Leeds Culture Trust’, 22nd June 2022
|
|
22. £70,000 of Scottish councils’ money
 Glasgow City Council and the City of Edinburgh Council spent a total of £70,000 of public money to commission slavery audits. £50,000 was spent by Glasgow City Council and £17,000 was spent by Edinburgh City Council. Edinburgh City Council have not issued a public statement but provided Policy Exchange with a copy of the Freedom of Information Request and answered the following questions:
Q: How much did it cost you to commission the slavery legacy review?
A: There was no commissioning cost for the independent Edinburgh Slavery and Colonialism Legacy Review.
Q: Breakdown of the costs?
A: To date, £17,298.24 has been spent on the Review. This includes promotional materials and paid digital communications about the online public consultation which took place 27 October 2021 - 19 January 2022 at £6,673.24. £10,000 has been spent on a community focussed consultation workshop series with target groups. £625 has been spent on out of pocket expenses for Review Group Members.
Q: What have you budgeted to carry on the work?
A: No forward spend has been agreed or allocated. This will be dependent on which, if any, recommendations proposed by the Review Group are taken forward by the Council.
Sources: Edinburgh City Council, ‘FIO: 36598’, 3rd March 2022
|
|
23. Exeter City Council 
Royal Albert Memorial Museum in Exeter returned the Crowfoot Regalia in a ceremony that took place on 19th May. The council agreed to the repatriation back in 2020, but the ceremony was delayed due to Covid-19. Cllr Laura Wright, the Council’s Deputy Leader, commented:
“I feel very honoured to be here today to see the current Chief Crowfoot and his Council, members of his family and the Blackfoot people here in Exeter to receive back into their ownership the artefacts that are here.
“I feel so humbled and honoured to be part of the welcome, and to see everything going back to where it should be.
“We are in a very privileged position as elected councillors to make decisions, and seeing the effect that sometimes your decisions can have - being so huge as we saw today - is very humbling for me, and I am just so pleased to have been here to see this happen.”
Chief Crowfoot thanked the museum and the City Council for returning the items. He said:
“Bringing these items back home to Siksika is a historic event. Many items left Siksika and other Nations and were scattered across the globe.
“Now the tides are turning and these items are finding their way back home. Crowfoot’s entire essence is in and around Blackfoot territory and this is where his belongings should be housed.
“We are building strong relationships with curators at several museums as well as private collectors in an effort to bring items such as the ones coming home back to their rightful place. There are many more Blackfoot items still in need of being claimed and repatriated back to their rightful homeland.”
Source: Exeter City Council, ‘Sacred regalia returned to Siksika Nation in Canada during ceremony at RAMM’, 19th May 2022
|
|
24. Ukrainian artefacts
 Currently on display in the British Museum, 86 objects will be returned to Ukraine after UK Border Force intercepted a package from Kyiv at Gatwick airport in July 2021. The British Museum issued the following statement:
“A collection of medieval metalwork was posted from Kyiv to the UK in 2021 with the intention of being sold on the internet. The package of 86 objects was seized in transit by UK Border Force in July 2021 and jointly identified by curators from the British Museum and the National Museum in Kyiv. “These pieces will be sent to the National Museum of History of Ukraine in Kyiv. Until then, the metalwork will be on display in Room 53 in the British Museum to highlight this important work and collaboration between Britain and Ukraine.
…
“The British Museum is committed to contributing to the preservation of cultural heritage in the UK and globally, partnering with law enforcement agencies to identify illicitly trafficked antiquities. Objects seized in this way are brought to the British Museum for identification and cataloguing. The Museum then liaises with colleagues in the national museums of the countries concerned to arrange the return of these objects.”
His Excellency Vadym Prystaiko, Ambassador of Ukraine to the United Kingdom, said “We welcome the decision of the British Museum to display the exhibits representing Ukrainian history. This is a timely and sound initiative at this difficult time, when Ukrainians are standing up for their freedom and sovereignty and when the voice of Ukraine needs to be heard in every corner of the world. It is another opportunity for us to demonstrate our deep-rooted history, the authenticity of our people, and our well-deserved and undisputable right to self-determination and statehood. We hope that the ties between the British Museum and the National History Museum of Ukraine will further expand and develop.”
Dr Fedir Androshchuk, Director General, National Museum of History of Ukraine, Kyiv, said “We live in a world of constant change as to the role of museums. This process has a direct connection with considerable changes in both societies and the global world. A national museum with a focus on both local history and cultural heritage is an important place where the cultural biography of the country is visualized through single artefacts and specially designed exhibitions.
“… The global world and illicit trafficking of objects of cultural heritage have made these assignments internationally collaborative. In the last years, a number of objects acquired by illicit metal-detectorists in Ukraine were sold to private collectors in Russia, Germany and Britain. Some of these artefacts are unique, such as a Viking Age ship’s vane terminal found in Ukraine in 2015 and sold in England in 2016 with a fake provenance. We are facing gigantic transnational looting of Ukrainian heritage which needs to be stopped through common efforts. Today these prevention measures are strengthened by the contribution of the British authorities and British Museum.”
UK Border Force said “Border Force South Region Cargo Freight Specialist Team detected items of cultural interest in July 2021. These items, which were seized, appeared to be historical pendants and ring artefacts and were referred to the British Museum for further investigation. The Museum confirmed them to be early medieval jewellery from Ukraine. Detections of this kind are rare and the Museum is arranging for them to be displayed until they can be repatriated. This seizure demonstrates the excellent around-the-clock work Border Force do to search, find and stop these historical artefacts entering the UK illegally, and we will continue to work with international partners to detect such items of significant historical interest.”
Source: The British Museum, ‘The British Museum and UK Border Force collaborate to return historic objects to Ukraine’, 13th May 2020
|
|
25. Blue Coat School
Blue Coast School has changed the name of five of its six houses to remove the names of people connected to the slave trade. The school was founded by maritime merchant Bryan Blundell. In a letter to parents seen by Policy Exchange, Headteacher, Scilla Yates, announced the new names, stating:
“As you will be aware, our school has been carrying out a review of our house names over the last 18 months.
“…When it became clear that our previous house names were not reflective of the modern world we part of, students undertook some very detailed and considered research and debate about developing a set of house names that were more reflective of our society.
“Following this process, I am absolutely delighted to tell you that our new house names are:
A double Nobel Laureate who challenged stereotypes about the role of females in science and discovered polonium and radium.
An Anglo-Jewish woman who conducted a series of major experiments during World War II and made a significant contribution to the discovery of DNA.
An MP for Liverpool, historian, patron of the arts and, crucially, one of the very first people in the country to denounce the trans-Atlantic slave trade.
A British-Jamican nurse, businesswoman and courageous humanitarian who rode out to the Crimean battlefield with food and medicine to care for soldiers.
A mathematician famous for cracking the German’s Enigma coding system. In 2013 he was granted a posthumous pardon for how he was treated as a gay man in the 50s, and his legacy paved the way for the pardoning of nearly 50,000 men through the Turing Law.
The Tod family are philanthropists who have supported many aspects of life at our school for over 50 years and have helped students enjoy educational and cultural trips. The family even helped the school to remain open in the 1980s.
“What I hope comes across through the names you see above is that they have inspired our students not just by their achievements, but also through the values, experiences and ability to overcome challenges. Their role in supporting others was also crucial in their selection.”
|
|
26. University of Edinburgh
 The University of Edinburgh experienced a decline in donations and legacies of £2 million after the renaming of a campus building once dedicated to David Hume, a former student and leading figure of the Scottish enlightenment. A spokesperson from the University of Edinburgh told Policy Exchange:
“Giving levels can fluctuate year on year due to a number of factors. We are on track this year to see the second highest total of funds ever raised for the University, and want to renew our thanks to all of our donors who support life-changing research and vital scholarships for our students."
Responding to a Freedom of Information Request made by the Scottish Daily Mail, the university said the total raised by its development and alumni department was £21.4 million in 2021/22, down from £23.3 million the previous years. It revealed that 24 donations and 12 legacies to the university had been ‘cancelled, amended, or withdrawn in response to the renaming’.
The original article appeared only in the printed version of the Scottish Daily Mail and later picked up by other new outlets.
Source: The Telegraph, ‘Cancel culture backfires as donors pull cash from Edinburgh University, 20th July 2022
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
